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一、房地产相关概念
(1) Concept of real estate: Real estate, also known as immovable property, refers to land, buildings, and the inseparable parts fixed to land and buildings.
(一) 房地产概念:房地产又称不动产,是指土地、建筑物及固着在土地、建筑物上不可分离的部分.
Among them, the inseparable parts, such as trees, plumbing equipment, etc.
其中不可分离的部分,如树木、水暖设备等.
Real estate exists in three forms:
房地产有三种存在形式:
1. Pure land;
1、 单纯的土地;
2. Simple buildings;
2、 单纯的建筑物;
3. Properties that combine land and buildings;
3、 土地与建筑物结合的房产;
(II) Classification of the Real Estate Market: According to the characteristics of the real estate development, sales and consumption processes, the real estate market can be divided into:
(二) 房地产市场的分类:根据房地产开发,销售与消费过程特点,可以将房地产市场分为:
1. Primary market (land market)
1、 一级市场(土地市场);
2. Secondary market (real estate incremental housing market);
2、 二级市场(房地产增量房市场);
3. The tertiary market (the existing housing market);
3、 三级市场(房地产存量房市场);
(3) Land and Land Ownership:
(三) 土地及土地所有权:
The concept of land: Generally, it refers to a certain range of space above ground, below ground and above ground.
1、 土地的概念:一般是指地面、地面以下和地面以上一定范围的空间.
In real life, land is a region with a specific area range that is artificially demarcated.
现实生活中的土地是人为划分的,具有特定面积范围的地域.
2. Public ownership of land: According to the Constitution, land ownership is divided into ownership by all the people (state-owned land) and collective land ownership. Only when a collective land is converted to state-owned ownership can it be transferred. Individuals and units only have the right to use the land.
2、 土地公有制:根据宪法规定,土地所有权分全民所有(国有土地)与集体土地所有权,集体转为国有才能转让,个人和单位只拥有土地的使用权;
3. The right to use land can be leased, transferred or mortgaged within the term.
3、 土地使用权在期限内可以出租、转让、抵押.
(4) Method of obtaining land use rights:
(四) 土地使用权获取方式:
1. Land use right transfer:
1、 土地使用权出让:
It refers to the act where the state grants the right to use state-owned land to land users for a certain period of time, and the land users pay the land use right grant fees to the state.
指国家将国有土地使用权在一定年限内出让给土地使用者,由土地使用者向国家支付土地使用权出让金的行为;
The transfer of land use rights is conducted through three methods: tendering, auction, and mutual agreement.
土地使用权出让采用招标、拍卖、双方协议三种方式;
Six types of land (commercial, entertainment, tourism, financial, service, and commercial housing) shall be used through bidding or auction.
六类用地(商业、娱乐、旅游、金融、服务业、商品房)采用招标、拍卖的方式;
The renovation of the old city is carried out through mutual agreement.
旧城改造采用双方协议的方式；
The term of grant for the right to use state-owned land: 40 years for commercial, tourism and entertainment land.
国有土地使用权出让年限：商业、旅游、娱乐用地40年;
Industrial land, science and education land, cultural and sports land, health land, sports land, comprehensive or other land for 50 years;
工业用地、科教、文体、卫生、体育用地、综合或其他用地50年;
Housing land for 70 years;
住房用地70年;
The term of the right to use real estate has a direct impact on its value.
房地产的使用权年限对价值有直接影响.
2. Allocation of land use rights
2、 土地使用权划拨:
It refers to the act of the people's government at or above the county level, in accordance with the law, approving the delivery of a piece of land to the land user for use after the land user has paid compensation, resettlement and other fees, or delivering the land use right to the land user for free.
指县级以上人民政府依法批准,在土地使用者缴纳补偿、安置等费用后将该幅土地交付其使用,或者将土地使用权无偿交付给土地使用者使用的行为;
Where the right to use land is obtained through allocation, there is no limit on the period of use, except as otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations.
以划拨方式取得土地使用权的,除法律、行政法规另有规定外,没有使用期限的限制;
The land use rights of the following construction land may be allocated by the people's government at or above the county level in accordance with the law if they are indeed necessary: land for state organs and military land.
下列建设用地的土地使用权,确属必须的,可由县级以上人民政府依法批准划拨: 国家机关用地和军事用地;
Urban infrastructure land and public welfare land;
城市基础设施用地和公益事业用地;
Land for key state-supported projects in energy, transportation, water conservancy, etc.
国家重点扶持的能源、交通、水利等项目用地;
Other land uses as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations;
法律、行政法规规定的其他用地;
(V) Architectural Concepts
(五) 建筑概念
1. Architecture: The general term for buildings and structures;
1、 建筑:建筑物和构筑物的总称;
2. Narrow sense of buildings: Refers to all kinds of houses and structures such as trees, elevators, water and heating equipment, etc.
2、 狭义建筑物:指各类房屋,构筑物如树木、电梯、水暖设备等;
3. Standards for qualified buildings: applicable, economical and aesthetically pleasing;
3、 合格建筑物的标准:适用、经济、美观;
Application: Safety, waterproofing, sound insulation, heat preservation and insulation, lighting, complete functions, reasonable spatial layout;
适用:安全、防水、隔声、保温隔热、采光、功能齐全、空间格局合理;
Economy: Reasonable purchase price, low energy consumption for maintenance, heating and air conditioning.
经济:购置价格合理、维修保养、采暖、空调能耗不高;
Aesthetics: Architectural form, color beauty, and harmony with the environment;
美观:建筑造型、色彩美感、与环境协调;
(6) Property concept
(六) 物业概念
1. Property: In a broad sense, property refers to real estate; in a narrow sense, it encompasses all types of buildings and their affiliated equipment, facilities, and related sites.
1、 物业:广义的物业就是房地产,狭义的物业,包括各类房屋及其附属的设备、设施和相关场地;
All kinds of houses: They can be building complexes, such as residential communities, or a single residence.
各类房屋:可以是建筑群,如住宅小区,也可以是一幢住宅;
Ancillary equipment, facilities and related sites: These refer to all kinds of indoor and outdoor facilities, municipal public facilities, road traffic, etc. that are matched with the above-mentioned buildings.
附属的设备、设施和相关场地:是指与上述建筑物相配套的室内外各类设施、市政公用设施、道路交通等;
Ii. Common Knowledge of House Construction
二、房屋建筑常识
1. Floor area ratio
1、 容积率:
The ratio of the total building area to the total land area, a technical and economic indicator reflecting the degree of land utilization, usage intensity and economic efficiency.
总建筑面积与总用地面积的比值, 反映土地利用程度、使用强度及其经济性的技术经济指标;
Floor area ratio = Total building area ÷ Land area;
容积率=建筑总面积÷用地面积;
Generally speaking: Ordinary residential buildings ≥1.0;
一般来讲:普通住宅≥1.0;
Non-ordinary residential properties < 1.0;
非普通住宅＜1.0;
2. Building density
2、 建筑密度:
The proportion of the total area of all types of building land within the project land use scope to the total land area.
项目用地范围内各种建筑用地面积总和占总用地面积的比例.
The total area of the building base can also be divided by the total land area to reflect the vacant land ratio and the density of buildings within the construction land area.
也可以建筑物基底总面积÷总用地面积,反映建筑用地范围内的空地率和建筑物的密集程度;
3. Green coverage rate
3、 绿化率:
It refers to the proportion of the total area of green space within the planned land use scope of the project to the planned construction land area.
指项目规划用地范围内绿化用地总面积占规划建设用地面积的比例;
4. Green space ratio
4、 绿地率:
It describes the ratio of the total sum of all types of green Spaces within the residential area to the residential area land.
描述的是居住区用地范围内各类绿地的总和与居住区用地的比率;
2. Allocation of land use rights
2、 土地使用权划拨:
It refers to the act of the people's government at or above the county level, in accordance with the law, approving the delivery of a piece of land to the land user for use after the land user has paid compensation, resettlement and other fees, or delivering the land use right to the land user for free.
指县级以上人民政府依法批准,在土地使用者缴纳补偿、安置等费用后将该幅土地交付其使用,或者将土地使用权无偿交付给土地使用者使用的行为;
Where the right to use land is obtained through allocation, there is no limit on the period of use, except as otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations.
以划拨方式取得土地使用权的,除法律、行政法规另有规定外,没有使用期限的限制;
The land use rights of the following construction land may be allocated by the people's government at or above the county level in accordance with the law if they are indeed necessary: land for state organs and military land.
下列建设用地的土地使用权,确属必须的,可由县级以上人民政府依法批准划拨: 国家机关用地和军事用地;
Urban infrastructure land and public welfare land;
城市基础设施用地和公益事业用地;
Land for key state-supported projects in energy, transportation, water conservancy, etc.
国家重点扶持的能源、交通、水利等项目用地;
Other land uses as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations;
法律、行政法规规定的其他用地;
(V) Architectural Concepts
(五) 建筑概念
1. Architecture: The general term for buildings and structures;
1、 建筑:建筑物和构筑物的总称;
2. Narrow sense of buildings: Refers to all kinds of houses and structures such as trees, elevators, water and heating equipment, etc.
2、 狭义建筑物:指各类房屋,构筑物如树木、电梯、水暖设备等;
3. Standards for qualified buildings: applicable, economical and aesthetically pleasing;
3、 合格建筑物的标准:适用、经济、美观;
Application: Safety, waterproofing, sound insulation, heat preservation and insulation, lighting, complete functions, reasonable spatial layout;
适用:安全、防水、隔声、保温隔热、采光、功能齐全、空间格局合理;
Economy: Reasonable purchase price, low energy consumption for maintenance, heating and air conditioning.
经济:购置价格合理、维修保养、采暖、空调能耗不高;
Aesthetics: Architectural form, color beauty, and harmony with the environment;
美观:建筑造型、色彩美感、与环境协调;
(6) Property concept
(六) 物业概念
1. Property: In a broad sense, property refers to real estate; in a narrow sense, it encompasses all types of buildings and their affiliated equipment, facilities, and related sites.
1、 物业:广义的物业就是房地产,狭义的物业,包括各类房屋及其附属的设备、设施和相关场地;
All kinds of houses: They can be building complexes, such as residential communities, or a single residence.
各类房屋:可以是建筑群,如住宅小区,也可以是一幢住宅;
Ancillary equipment, facilities and related sites: These refer to all kinds of indoor and outdoor facilities, municipal public facilities, road traffic, etc. that are matched with the above-mentioned buildings.
附属的设备、设施和相关场地:是指与上述建筑物相配套的室内外各类设施、市政公用设施、道路交通等;
5. Floor height
5、 层高:
The height of a residence is calculated in units of "floors", referring to the distance between the lower floor or slab surface and the upper floor surface.
住宅高度以“层”为单位计算,是指下层地板面或楼板面到上层楼层面之间的距离.
6. Clear height
6、 净高:
It refers to the distance between the lower floor surface or the upper surface of the floor slab and the lower surface of the upper floor slab.
指下层地板面或楼板上表面到上层楼板下表面之间的距离.
Clear height = Floor height - floor slab thickness;
净高=层高-楼板厚度;
7. Depth:
7、 进深:
It refers to the length of a residence, which is the actual length from the front wall to the back wall of an independent house or a residential building. To ensure that residences have good natural lighting and ventilation conditions, the depth of rooms in a large number of urban residential buildings in China is generally limited to about 5 meters and cannot be arbitrarily expanded.
指住宅的长度,指一间独立的房屋或一幢居住建筑从前墙皮到后墙皮之间的实际长度,为了保证住宅具有良好的自然采光和通风条件,目前我国大量城镇住宅房间的进深一般都限定在5米左右,不能任意扩大.
If the depth of a residence is too large, it will become long and narrow. The indoor space far from the doors and Windows will have insufficient natural light. However, a residence with a large depth can effectively save land.
住宅进深过大,就是住宅成为狭长型,距离门窗较远的室内空间自然光线不足,但进深大的住宅可以有效的节约用地;
8. Room:
8、 开间:
The width of a residence refers to the actual distance between one side of the wall and the other side of the wall within a room. There are strict regulations on the bays of a residence in residential design.
指住宅的宽度,指一间房屋内一面墙皮之间到另一面墙皮之间的实际距离,住宅的开间在住宅设计上有严格的规定;
A smaller bay area can shorten the inter-floor span of the floor slab, enhancing the integrity, stability and seismic resistance of the residential structure.
较小的开间范围,可缩短楼板的层间跨度,增强住宅结构的整体性、稳定性和抗震性;
9. Building area:
9、 建筑面积:
It refers to the horizontal area of the space enclosed by the outer walls of a building.
指建筑物外墙外围所围成空间的水平面积.
It includes the usable area for living in the house, the area occupied by walls and columns, the area of stairs and corridors, and other common areas, etc.
包含了房屋居住可用的实用面积、墙体柱体占地面积、楼梯走道面积、其它公摊面积等;
10. Common area:
10、公摊面积:
It refers to the total area of the stairs, elevator shafts, exterior walls, public lobbies, corridors, equipment rooms, first-floor lobbies of buildings and some other supporting facilities within the community.
指建筑物的楼梯、电梯井、外墙、公共门厅、走道、设备间、首层大堂及小区内其它一些配套设施的面积总和;
11. Usable area:
11、使用面积:
It is the net usable area directly available for residents' living after deducting the shared area and the area occupied by walls and columns from the building area, commonly known as the floor tile area.
它是建筑面积扣除公摊面积、及墙体柱体所占用的面积后的直接供住户生活的净使用面积,俗称地砖面积;
12. Land area:
12、占地面积:
The area occupied by the foundation of a building and its functions is also called the red line area.
建筑物基底及其功能需要占用的面积,也叫红线面积;
13. The usable floor area within the unit = the usable floor area within the unit + the floor area of the walls within the unit + the floor area of the balcony (the area of the terrace is calculated as half the area).
13、套内建筑面积=套内使用面积+套内墙体面积+阳台建筑面积(露台面积按半面积计算);
14. Building area = usable floor area + shared area;
14、建筑面积=套内建筑面积+公摊面积;
15. Sales area = usable floor area + shared common floor area.
15、销售面积=套内建筑面积+公摊的公用建筑面积;
Commercial housing is sold by "sets" or "units".
商品房按“套”或“单元”出售;
16. Common floor area = Total floor area of the entire building - floor area within the unit - floor area that should not be allocated.
16、公用建筑面积=整幢建筑面积-套内建筑面积和-不应分摊的建筑面积;
17. The shared common building area = the floor area within the unit × the coefficient of shared building area allocation.
17、公摊的公用建筑面积=套内建筑面积×公用建筑面积分摊系数;
18. Coefficient of shared building area allocation: Shared building area ÷ sum of usable building areas;
18、公用建筑面积分摊系数:公用建筑面积÷套内建筑面积之和;
19. The allocated common building area includes: lobbies, public halls, corridors, passageways, shared toilets, elevator lobbies, stairwells, elevator shafts, elevator machine rooms, garbage chutes, pipe shafts, fire control rooms, fire escape routes, pump rooms, water tank rooms, refrigeration machine rooms, distribution rooms, gas pressure regulating rooms, air conditioning rooms, elevator workers' rest rooms, duty guard rooms, satellite receiving machine rooms, etc.
19、分摊的公用建筑面积包括:大堂、公共大厅、走廊、过道、共厕、电梯前厅、楼梯间、电梯井、电梯机房、垃圾道、管道井、消防控制室、消防通道、水泵房、水箱间、冷冻机房、配电室、煤气调压室、空调房、电梯工休息室、值班警卫室、卫星接收机房等;
20. Unrecorded common areas: warehouses, garages, driveways, heating boiler rooms, civil air defense basements, property management rooms, self-operated and self-used houses of the housing sales unit, and guard rooms serving multiple buildings.
20、不记入的公摊面积:仓库、车库、车道、供暖锅炉房、人防地下室、物管用房、售房单位自营、自用房屋、多幢房屋服务的警卫室;
21. Practicality rate = Usable floor area within the unit ÷ Residential floor area;
21、实用率=套内建筑面积÷住宅建筑面积;
22. Utilization rate = usable area ÷ residential area. Generally, for high-rise towers, it is between 72% and 75%, and for slab buildings, it is between 78% and 80%.
22、使用率=使用面积÷住宅面积,一般高层塔楼在72%至75%之间,板楼在78%至80%之间;
Less than the practical rate;
小于实用率;
23. Basement
23、地下室:
It refers to the height at which the floor of a room is lower than the outdoor ground level, exceeding half of the room's clear height.
指房间地面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1／2;
24. Semi-basement
24、半地下室:
It refers to the height at which the floor of a room is lower than the outdoor ground level, exceeding one third of the clear height of the room and not exceeding one half.
指房间地面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1／3,且不超过1／2;
25. Balcony
25、阳台:
A space for residents to engage in outdoor activities, dry clothes, etc.
供居住者进行室外活动/晾晒衣物等的空间;
26. Platform
26、平台:
The upper roof or the part extending from the ground floor of a residence to the outside for residents to engage in outdoor activities;
供居住者进行室外活动的上屋面或由住宅底层地面伸出室外的部分;
27. Standard Floor
27、标准层:
Refers to residential floors with the same floor plan layout;
指平面布置相同的住宅楼层;
28. Middle layer:
28、中间层:
The middle floor between the ground floor and the highest entrance floor for residents.
底层和最高住户入口层之间的中间楼层.
Iii. Terminology in the Real Estate Industry
三、房地产行业术语:
(1) Indoor facilities:
（一）室内设施:
Four gases: heating, gas, water heater, air conditioner;
1、 四气:暖气、煤气、热水器、空调;
2. Complete: Household appliances (TV, refrigerator, washing machine) and furniture (bed, wardrobe, sofa, TV cabinet, integrated kitchen cabinet);
2、 全齐:家电(电视、冰箱、洗衣机)和家具(床、衣柜、沙发、电视柜、整体橱柜);
(II) Decoration Classification:
(二)装修分类:
1. Roughcast: cement floors, cement walls;
1、 毛 坯:水泥地、水泥墙;
2. Simple decoration: Floor tiles, white walls;
2、 简 装 修:地砖、白墙;
3. Medium installation and repair: Large floor tiles, wooden floors;
3、 中 装 修:大地砖、木地板;
4. Fine decoration and renovation: wooden flooring, door and window cladding;
4、 精 装 修:木地板、包门、包窗;
5. Luxurious decoration: Avant-garde decoration and high-quality materials.
5、 豪华装修:装修前卫、用料讲究;
(3) Layout and Area:
(三)户型及面积:
One-bedroom: Public housing area :30-50 square meters;
1、 一居室:公房面积:30-50平米;
Commercial housing area :40-60 square meters;
商品房面积:40-60平米;
2. Two-bedroom: Public housing area :50-70 square meters;
2、 二居室:公房面积:50-70平米;
Commercial housing area :70-100 square meters;
商品房面积:70-100平米;
3. Three-bedroom: Public housing area :60-90 square meters;
3、 三居室:公房面积:60-90平米;
Commercial housing area :110-150 square meters;
商品房面积:110-150平米;
4. Floor jumping: The house uses a floor jumping layout, such as crossing two floors, three floors crossing four floors, etc.
4、 越层:房屋使用层跳跃的房型,如一越二,三越四等;
5. Staggered floors: A house type with uneven ground within the building.
5、 错层:房屋内地面错落的房型;
(4) Floor and Orientation:
(四) 楼层及朝向:
1. Floor description: A multi-storey building has 6 floors. The floor where the house is located is on the 3rd floor, abbreviated as 3/6.
1、 楼层描述,多层楼房为6层,房屋所在层3层,简写3/6;
Advantages and disadvantages
优劣:
There is a saying among multi-storey buildings that "March is golden and April is silver", meaning that the third floor of a six-storey building is the best, and the fourth floor is the best.
楼房中多层楼有“金三银四”的说法,即六层楼三层最佳,四层次之;
The higher floors in high-rise buildings tend to have higher prices, except for the top floors in second-hand houses.
高层楼中楼层较高的价位也较高,但二手房中顶楼除外;
2. Orientation (based on the direction corresponding to the master bedroom window) The orientation of multi-story buildings is mostly north-south or east-west.
2、 朝向(以主卧室窗户所对应的方向为准)多层楼朝向多为南北正向或东西侧向;
The orientation of high-rise slab buildings and multi-storey buildings is similar.
高层板楼与多层楼的朝向相似;
High-rise towers are mostly four-cornered, and their orientations are mostly southeast, southwest, northeast, northwest and various inclined directions.
高层塔楼多为四角,其朝向多为东南、西南、东北、西北及各种斜向;
Iv. Characteristics of Real Estate
四、房地产特性:
(1) Immobility;
(一) 不可移动性;
(2) Uniqueness;
(二) 独一无二性;
(3) Long service life;
(三) 寿命长久性;
(4) Limited quantity;
(四) 数量有限性;
(V) Diversity of uses;
(五) 用途多样性;
(6) Mutual influence;
(六) 相互影响性;
(7) Greatly influenced by policies and the market;
(七) 受政策\市场影响大;
(8) High bid;
(八) 标的高;
(9) Slow monetization;
(九) 变现慢;
(10) Preservation and appreciation of value;
声明：本文由入驻焦点开放平台的作者撰写，除焦点官方账号外，观点仅代表作者本人，不代表焦点立场。
